Initially, pregnancy will be dated from your last period. This is because most women will not know exactly when they conceived. Dates will sometimes be adjusted after an early ultrasound since often a more accurate determination of how far along a pregnancy is can be made by what is seen on the scan and/or measurements in the early weeks. This is because pregnancies follow a fairly predictable developmental pattern early on.
You can't really determine gestation from when you get a positive test result due to a number of variables that are involved. When someone gets a positive result can depend on when they happened to ovulate, when implantation took place, the sensitivity of the test used, and the rate the hcg hormone rises for that individual.
Some women will test positive even before a period is missed, many within several days after a missed period, and some not for quite awhile afterwards.
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