We are going to assume here that you have a bladder type pressure tank. If so, then there is an air valve towards the top. Generally speaking, you can use a tire gauge to measure pressure there. That doesn't work perfectly, but it usually give you a fairly good indiication of what you have.
The fact that your pump cuts on and runs for what seems to be long periods is not good. I'm going to guess that it ran "dry" on many occasions when the system lost prime. If that's the case, then it could have damaged the pump. The fact that you had been having low pressure even before all this began is another bad sign.
One more issue. I'm guessing this is a shallow well jet pump, with only one pipe going into the well, spring, lake, whatever. If that's the case, then just be aware that it is fairly sensitive to water depth. It can only draw down to 25 feet or so, and even then you will not get the kind of pressure you could get at, say, 12 feet. If your water level has fallen, then that could also impact your pressure.
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