Aloeverahe, the tipoff in your first question is the phrase "...
varies directly... ". In the context of your problem question, it means that the volume
V of any sphere can be expressed as

for some constant
k. That is, the volume of any sphere can be obtained by multiplying the cube of its radius by some number
k, and
k is the same for every sphere.
To prove the given statement using "
variation only", as requested, means that we don't actually compute volumes, or even necessarily know what
k is.
Try kicking it off this way:

to express generally the sum of the volumes of the three smaller spheres. (You can replace

and

with the specific radii you're given at any time.)
Express the volume of the larger sphere in the same way, and then work your way down to an equality. In this way, you've proven the statement using "variation only".
Hope that helped a bit, and best of luck with it.