I know, I know. This is a topic we've seen before. But I'm hoping to bring a new twist to it.

There is an ongoing question of whether morality would exist if not for its religious basis. Most pro-religion people argue that morality could not have been developed if not for religion. Atheists and Agnostics tend to disagree and say that morality is based in CIVILIZATION rather than religion, and would have developed regardless of whether religion had existed or not.

I don't really know what to believe.

But I would like to make this comment. Perhaps it's a new twist, perhaps not.

What is morality?

When we think of morality today, we generally think of the "judeo-christian" (I hate that term) values that we see in the "modern world" (ei: Europe, the USA, Australia, etc.) Most Atheists that I speak to seem to assume that these "judeo-christian" morals would have developed even if Judaism and Christianity had never existed, because they are good, and just, and right, and therefore, mankind would have gotten to that point eventually, even without religion. (Or at least that is my interpretation of what I have heard them say. I could be misinterpreting their positions, and if I am, I apologize.)

But the fact is that this version of "morality" is not the only one to have existed in history.

In the judeo-christian moral system, the highest calling of man is to be good and kind to his fellow man. Call it the "golden rule", if you will.

But other moral compasses have existed in the past.

The followers of the Norse gods (Odin, Thor, Frey, Baldr, etc.), who in the USA are know as "Asatru", have a very different "highest calling". Their highest calling is to die in battle against evil... and for the very best fighters, to become the Berserker of legend... the unstoppable warrior. Their morality is based on becoming the best, most honorable, most effective, most deadly soldier/fighter/warrior they can become.

Definitely a very different form of morality. And that is just one form of morality of many that have existed in history.

The Mongols are another really great moral study... they were BRUTAL warriors that completely decimated their enemies, including destroying women and children. But they did so with the intent of bringing peace, law and justice to the lands they conquered. Their highest calling was to brutally conquer the world to make it a better place. They placed a moral value on being as brutal as possible to accomplish it.

Again, a very different moral system than we know today.

There was a particular Aztec cult that believed that the highest calling was to suffer pain willingly as a form of sacrifice to the gods. Their morality revolved around becoming able to willingly accept more and more pain. The more pain you could suffer, the closer you were to god. Becoming a human sacrifice in the most painful way possible was the highest calling in that cult.

Definitely not our morality.

If not for the existence of Judaism and Christianity to form the judeo-christian morality that we accept as commonplace today, what moral compasses would we have developed?

My point is that when those who support the idea that religion is NOT the source of morality and say that morality would have developed on its own absent religion, what do they mean? Would it have been the same (or similar) moral system we live in today? Or would it have been something completely different?

And if it would have been completely different, doesn't that mean that religion and morality ARE connected, and can't be separated as some would like to believe? Wouldn't it mean that morality cannot develop without a religious background to act as a petrie dish in which to grow?

I don't know if this is a good argument. I'm just exploring a thought. I'd like your comments on this.

Elliot

This is an interesting question. I looked at crimes rates by state and there seems to be more crime in religious bible belt states in the south than in New England and western mountain states. However, since there are so many other factors in crime I can't really say if religion is a major factor in morality and crime but it does show that areas where people are less religious can still be moral, and law-abiding people.

Yes, "morality" would still exist. Forget religion and look at laws: It is illegal to kill or maim someone... and illegal to steal from them...

Killing, maiming and stealing, etc. are "immoral" and therefore against the law in most places that I know of...

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The above is only my 1.5 cents worth "short answer" to an issue about which volumes have probably been written :)

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Originally Posted by RickJ

Yes, "morality" would still exist. Forget religion and look at laws: It is illegal to kill or maim someone... and illegal to steal from them...


Killing, maiming and stealing, etc. are "immoral" and therefore against the law in most places that I know of...

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Again, in certain societies, those were NOT crimes. Like I mentioned, the Asatru believed that killing your enemy was a GOOD thing. The Huns saw raiding and stealing as just part of life. The mongols felt that killing the enemy in order to bring law and justice was a good thing.

Just because not killing and not steeling are the morals of TODAY does not mean that they WOULD HAVE BEEN the morals of today if they had not been created under a judeo-christian religious system.


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The above is only my 1.5 cents worth "short answer" to an issue about which volumes have probably been written :)

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Yep.

Interesting stuff, though.

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Originally Posted by earl237

This is an interesting question. I looked at crimes rates by state and there seems to be more crime in religious bible belt states in the south than in New England and western mountain states. However, since there are so many other factors in crime I can't really say if religion is a major factor in morality and crime but it does show that areas where people are less religious can still be moral, and law-abiding people.

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Crime and morality are not the same. There are quite a few crimes that are not moral issues (parking violations being a case in point), and there are quite a few moral failures that are not crimes (adultery is a perfect case in point as well). I would even argue that there are times that judeo-christian morality is best served by BREAKING the law. (Certainly the people who saved Jews from Hitler's Nazis were highly moral people, but they were breaking German law by doing so.)

So I'm not sure that you can judge morality based on crime rates.

You are also assuming that "morality" can only be defined in the Judeo-Christian manner.

If the "Judeo-Christian ethos" had never existed... if instead the Western World had been dominated by Asatru instead of Christians... would things like murder, anger, etc. have been sins? They weren't sins in Nordic tradition. They were in fact, the best way to live life... killing your enemy and taking his stuff was how you lived life if you worshipped the Nordic gods.

If that tradition had dominated the Western World, would killing have been a crime? If being the best killer you can be is the goal you live for, would killing be a "sin"? Would it be a moral failing? I don't think it would.

And if it was NOT a moral failing, would it have become a "crime" in the legal sense?

Again, you are assuming that the moral scale we have today would have come into existence on its own without the existence of religion... specifically the judeo-christian ethos. I don't know that that is a true statement. If history had been SLIGHTLY different, I think we would have come up with a very different version of morality.

Or maybe not.

Elliot

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Originally Posted by ETWolverine

There is an ongoing question of whether morality would exist if not for its religious basis.
Elliot

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When you ask this question you also have to ask what defines religion.

Among the Australian Aboriginees, a stone age people who existed long before the judeo-christian morality began to arise (according to their legends)
There is a form of morality that defined who you could marry or even have relations with based on blood and totem. They also had a legal system which provided that an offender would be speared and placed outside the camp and an expectation that every thing was shared. You could say they were the first communists.

I think we have to examine whether religion gave rise to morality or morality gave rise to religion. The realisation that there must be something greater than yourself to whom you owed existence and therefore obedience to the law is obvious in the earliest peoples. Is this civilisation or religion.

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Atheists and Agnostics tend to disagree and say that morality is based in CIVILIZATION rather than religion, and would have developed regardless of whether religion had existed or not.

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Perhaps it would be wise to ask whether civilisation can exist without some type of religion. Certainly I would say that it would be impossible without SOME type of morality, and it seems to me that the nature of the Gods that are worshipped by different cultures reflect the moral attitudes of the people who worship them, not the other way around. In that sense it is very much a matter of circumstance. Morality first, and then religion, are shaped to suit the people who are to make use of it. Morality is, first and foremost, a tool for survival, and as such, people in different circumstances derived different moralities, different "tools" for survival.

When looking at society as it exists today, we see a bizarre mish mash, a conflation of moral ideas which is perhaps symptomatic of the nihilistic bent inherent in capitalist culture. Capitalist culture is all about promoting "wealth", in terms of "possessive goods". Notice how the fundaMENTAL movement within the church seems to place a great importance on wealth, telling it's followers that "God WANTS you to be rich!!", as if being rich were some fundamental pre-cursor for happiness or fullfilment, that neither of which are possible without an over abundence of "goods". Notice how the "economy" is seen as an end in itself, it never even occurs to economic dogmatists that the "economy" is simply a function of society, and not the measure of society itself. They never stop to ask of themselves, these self important embodiments of mediocrity, just what function the "economy" actually serves in relation to the society as a whole. They will the "great economy" at the expense of "the great society", on the feeble assumption that creativity, endeavour, and all the noble attributes of man are driven by nothing more than a will born of gluttony and covetous.

We also see the softening of attitudes towards countries like China. This of course is nothing more than a confirmation for those of us with more grounded beliefs regarding our view of "The West". The real problem with China, was not the oppression of the populace, which is still apparent, but rather that they were not wealthy enough for our more "enlightened" palate. Having addressed this situation some what, many of us now say to ourselves, "perhaps they are not so bad after all". There is nothing inherently "wrong" with taking this position, they have to a large extent been "converted" to OUR religion of wealth after all.

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Originally Posted by paraclete

When you ask this question you also have to ask what defines religion.

Among the Australian Aboriginees, a stone age people who existed long before the judeo-christian morality began to arise (according to their legends)
there is a form of morality that defined who you could marry or even have relations with based on blood and totem. They also had a legal system which provided that an offender would be speared and placed outside the camp and an expectation that every thing was shared. You could say they were the first communists.

I think we have to examine whether religion gave rise to morality or morality gave rise to religion. The realisation that there must be something greater than yourself to whom you owed existence and therefore obedience to the law is obvious in the earliest peoples. Is this civilisation or religion.

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Great points.

Thanks.

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Originally Posted by Tokugawa

Perhaps it would be wise to ask whether or not civilisation can exist without some type of religion. Certainly I would say that it would be impossible without SOME type of morality, and it seems to me that the nature of the Gods that are worshipped by different cultures reflect the moral attitudes of the people who worship them, not the other way around. In that sense it is very much a matter of circumstance. Morality first, and then religion, are shaped to suit the people who are to make use of it. Morality is, first and foremost, a tool for survival, and as such, people in different circumstances derived different moralities, different "tools" for survival.

When looking at society as it exists today, we see a bizarre mish mash, a conflation of moral ideas which is perhaps symptomatic of the nihilistic bent inherent in capitalist culture. Capitalist culture is all about promoting "wealth", in terms of "possessive goods". Notice how the fundaMENTAL movement within the church seems to place a great importance on wealth, telling it's followers that "God WANTS you to be rich!!", as if being rich were some fundamental pre-cursor for happiness or fullfilment, that neither of which are possible without an over abundence of "goods". Notice how the "economy" is seen as an end in itself, it never even occurs to economic dogmatists that the "economy" is simply a function of society, and not the measure of society itself. They never stop to ask of themselves, these self important embodiments of mediocrity, just what function the "economy" actually serves in relation to the society as a whole. They will the "great economy" at the expense of "the great society", on the feeble assumption that creativity, endeavour, and all the noble attributes of man are driven by nothing more than a will born of gluttony and covetous.

We also see the softening of attitudes towards countries like China. This of course is nothing more than a confirmation for those of us with more grounded beliefs regarding our view of "The West". The real problem with China, was not the oppression of the populace, which is still apparent, but rather that they were not wealthy enough for our more "enlightened" palate. Having addressed this situation some what, many of us now say to ourselves, "perhaps they are not so bad after all". There is nothing inherently "wrong" with taking this position, they have to a large extent been "converted" to OUR religion of wealth after all.

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I find one major flaw to your argument.

The people who are becoming more accepting of China, despite its oppression of its people, are those on the left... the very people who claim to be most against "wealth accumulation" and most in favor of "economic equality". The people most interested in seeing us in open negotiation with China are those on the Left of the political spectrum... the same people who are in favor of redistribution of wealth and who most decry "corporatism" and "capitalism" and "economic power". I certainly don't know any Conservative Right-Wingers who are accepting of China, and it is the Conservative Right-Wingers (like myself) who are the biggest proponents of capitalism, corporate freedom, and wealth accumulation.

If the same people who are "anti-capitalist" are the ones most accepting of China and its oppressive regime, wouldn't that argue AGAINST your point that reason we are more accepting of China is because of its wealth and economic power?

Elliot

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Originally Posted by ETWolverine

The people who are becoming more accepting of China, despite its oppression of its people, are those on the left...

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Asia Times Online :: China News, China Business News, Taiwan and Hong Kong News and Business.

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From a Chinese perspective, Bush has been a good steward of the Sino-American relationship. Consider, for example, the Strategic Economic Dialogue the two countries began in 2006 under Bush's secretary of the Treasury, Henry Paulson, the former chief executive officer of Goldman Sachs and a long-time friend of Beijing. One key, if unspoken, agreement of these talks was that the US would mostly look the other way as China manipulated its currency, the yuan, to fuel its export-driven juggernaut of an economy, which has averaged double-digit growth during Bush's tenure.

The Bush administration also blinked as the central government continued to trample on human rights in China. The crackdown was particularly apparent during the buildup to last summer's Olympic Games, when Beijing did its best to eliminate any possibility that its international coming-out party would be marred by the embarrassment of political protests.
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While other Western leaders such as French President Nicolas Sarkozy expressed reservations about attending the opening ceremony of the Olympics, Bush always was and continued to be a great supporter of China as Olympic host.

The Bush White House has also seen China reach deeper into Africa for raw materials while at the same time cozying up to some disreputable regimes - for example, those of President Omar Hassan al-Bashir of Sudan and President Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe - with a no-strings-attached policy that prompted only muted concern from Washington.
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All-in-all, China has had much to be thankful for during the Bush years. Even the president's biggest mistake, the war in Iraq, worked to Beijing's advantage, stretching America's military capacity and weakening its international reputation as China's continued to rise.

In return for its accommodation of Chinese interests, Washington won some concessions. Beijing pledged to share data on food safety after tainted Chinese exports caused death, injury and illness in the West. There was also an agreement to allow foreign mutual funds to invest in China's stock market. Moreover, although the yuan remains significantly undervalued, Beijing has allowed it to rise 21% against the US dollar since 2005, keeping the China-bashers in the US Congress at bay.

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I find one major flaw to your argument.

The people who are becoming more accepting of China, despite its oppression of its people, are those on the left... the very people who claim to be most against "wealth accumulation" and most in favor of "economic equality". The people most interested in seeing us in open negotiation with China are those on the Left of the political spectrum... the same people who are in favor of redistribution of wealth and who most decry "corporatism" and "capitalism" and "economic power". I certainly don't know any Conservative Right-Wingers who are accepting of China, and it is the Conservative Right-Wingers (like myself) who are the biggest proponents of capitalism, corporate freedom, and wealth accumulation.

If the same people who are "anti-capitalist" are the ones most accepting of China and its oppressive regime, wouldn't that argue AGAINST your point that reason we are more accepting of China is because of its wealth and economic power?

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Perhaps I did not explain myself well enough. I was not intending to turn this into a "Left vs Right" debate, my attack against "economic dogmatists" was aimed at those on both sides. I was attempting to show (perhaps rather poorly), how moral judgement has a tendency to shift in light of different circumstance, and point out that the prevailing moral spirit of "the West" is one that is based in "wealth accumulation". I see this as being the result of a capitalist CULTURE, rather than capitalism itself, and the idea that a society exists for the sake of the economy system, not the other way around.

Look at language as it is today. Words like "hustler", "shark", and "pimp", that were once considered as derogatory are now accolades. Is it any wonder? When one grows up in a society that holds "monetary wealth" as it's highest value, that equates the "pursuit of happiness" with "the pursuit of money", like that poisonous and completely inferior "philosopher" Ayn Rand, what are we to expect? The capitalist CULTURE promotes nothing so much as predatory instinct and mediocrity. Great works are accomplished through determination and a will to create, not some nihilistic and gluttonous "will for money".

On a final note, no, the anecdotal examples you cite, even we were to accept them, would do nothing to counter my argument. You have pretty much agreed that a fundamental shift in general attitudes towards China have occurred, however you have offered no other explanation for this shift. The only real difference with the China of today, and the China of twenty years ago, is that THIS China is far wealthier.

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Originally Posted by Tokugawa

Perhaps I did not explain myself well enough. I was not intending to turn this into a "Left vs Right" debate, my attack against "economic dogmatists" was aimed at those on both sides. I was attempting to show (perhaps rather poorly), how moral judgement has a tendency to shift in light of different circumstance, and point out that the prevailing moral spirit of "the West" is one that is based in "wealth accumulation". I see this as being the result of a capitalist CULTURE, rather than capitalism itself, and the idea that a society exists for the sake of the economy system, not the other way around.

Look at language as it is today. Words like "hustler", "shark", and "pimp", that were once considered as derogatory are now accolades. Is it any wonder? When one grows up in a society that holds "monetary wealth" as it's highest value, that equates the "pursuit of happiness" with "the pursuit of money", like that poisonous and completely inferior "philosopher" Ayn Rand, what are we to expect? The capitalist CULTURE promotes nothing so much as predatory instinct and mediocrity. Great works are accomplished through determination and a will to create, not some nihilistic and gluttonous "will for money".

On a final note, no, the anecdotal examples you cite, even we were to accept them, would do nothing to counter my argument. You have pretty much agreed that a fundamental shift in general attitudes towards China have occured, however you have offered no other explanation for this shift. The only real difference with the China of today, and the China of twenty years ago, is that THIS China is far wealthier.

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I don't know that I agree with your position. But I appreciate it nonetheless. You do make some points worth considering.

Elliot

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Originally Posted by Tokugawa

and the China of twenty years ago, is that THIS China is far wealthier.

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You mean today's China is wealthier? How do we determine a countries wealth? Isn't the people themselves supposed to be more above poverty level than below?
Epoch Times | China's Rural Poverty Line Far Below International Standard

And yes, so many of the Chinese poor are working in factories with almost no income, and what do they make? Brand wear for the rich of the world.


About morality and religion, why do we assume that religion or faith or belief came after paganism? As per the judeo-christian faiths as you mentioned, wasn't the first man Adam a believer of the Almighty except that he got waylaid by Satan (lets not get into that topic right now)? Does not that mean that morality came with the first man who was a religion follower?

Regarding if morality will exist without religion,I don't think it would. I am not saying that religion followers are all moral, but the religion lays the foundation to be good, to do good, and to be moral.
Religion lays the foundation for what is considered right not in the eyes of humans but in the eyes of a Higher being,which I believe to be of a much higher standard than humans.

As Elliot mentioned, each culture brings with them different standards, what they hold as high morals change,which is what happens when humans decide the standard.

If we look at the basic of the Abrahamic religions, the ten commandments are the very basis of each belief.
I talk about the Abrahamic religions because I always believe religion came with the first man, morality came with religion and the Abrahamic faiths are as far as I believe revealed religions.

Just a few thoughts.:)

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Originally Posted by firmbeliever

... but the religion lays the foundation to be good, to do good, and to be moral.

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If that were the case how do you explain people like myself and my children and my parents etc who have no bible, no church attendance and still exibit the same "foundation to be good, to do good, and to be moral"? I strongly believe that parenting has a lot to do with it. Those who have lost their way may need a guide in religion I can concede that, but it's not a requirement for all.

According to Wikipedia, morals are arbitrarily created and subjectively defined by society, philosophy, religion, and/or individual conscience.

I found it interesting that RickJ said that Quote:

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Originally Posted by RickJ

Yes, "morality" would still exist. Forget religion and look at laws: It is illegal to kill or maim someone...and illegal to steal from them...

Killing, maiming and stealing, etc. are "immoral" and therefore against the law in most places that I know of...

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From where I stand, morality is absence in the law of abortion. The termination of a pregnancy, or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus/embryo is the killing or death of life. It is physical injury that degrades the appearance of the fetus life, and does steal the rights, and life of a baby. So morality by itself is flawed as is man.

What seems to be more apparent to life is, what comes to us instinctively from beginning. Why does an infant cries to be fed, in their instinctive behaviour? Where does instinct, or intuitive perception come from? The instinct of fear, and emotional intuitive behavior came first.

Without the added support of religion and God, that can come to us by our instinctive nature, we would lack religion that brought answers, and distinguishes our conscience (fear) of whether one's actions are right or wrong. We would be as the animals that walk the earth. And so we relate killing, maim someone, and stealing as animal like in nature.

Man's morals are arbitrarily created. And the instinctive nature, the intuitive thoughts of the heart, and mind can continue to balance man in a religious and moral path working together for the better of all mankind.

(Note: men and women have different instinctive natures, as do each of us different individually)

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Originally Posted by NeedKarma

If that were the case how do you explain people like myself and my children and my parents etc who have no bible, no church attendance and still exibit the same "foundation to be good, to do good, and to be moral"? I strongly believe that parenting has a lot to do with it. Those who have lost their way may need a guide in religion I can concede that, but it's not a requirement for all.

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Difference in perspective Need.

I believe that it is inherent in each human to be a believer in the Almighty,and that a baby is born pure in belief of a Higher being,with awareness of what is right and wrong.

And yes I do agree a lot has to do with parenting, we take a pure baby and feed it with messed up values and he/she will grow up to be messed up with a distorted view of what is right and wrong. And yes this can happen with religious following parents too.

But what I said is that the basics of religion is good,and I believe to be the basis of morality since the beginning of human life on earth.

Yea, it is a difference in perspective. To me my kids are not aware of what is right and wrong unless I teach them or lead by example.

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Originally Posted by NeedKarma

Yea, it is a difference in perspective. To me my kids are not aware of what is right and wrong unless I teach them or lead by example.

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I am aware of that too, I don't let mine do as she feels is right all the time;
That's a whole other topic I think.:)

Another difference in perspective;
I believe humans have a conflict of doing what the soul( I know you don't believe in souls) needs and what we want, which is where I believe the morality standards come in.

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Originally Posted by ETWolverine

I know, I know. This is a topic we've seen before. But I'm hoping to bring a new twist to it.

There is an ongoing question of whether morality would exist if not for its religious basis. Most pro-religion people argue that morality could not have been developed if not for religion. Atheists and Agnostics tend to disagree and say that morality is based in CIVILIZATION rather than religion, and would have developed regardless of whether religion had existed or not.

I don't really know what to believe.

But I would like to make this comment. Perhaps it's a new twist, perhaps not.

What is morality?

When we think of morality today, we generally think of the "judeo-christian" (I hate that term) values that we see in the "modern world" (ei: Europe, the USA, Australia, etc.) Most Atheists that I speak to seem to assume that these "judeo-christian" morals would have developed even if Judaism and Christianity had never existed, because they are good, and just, and right, and therefore, mankind would have gotten to that point eventually, even without religion. (Or at least that is my interpretation of what I have heard them say. I could be misinterpreting their positions, and if I am, I apologize.)


Elliot

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Interesting post ET :)


I see religion as a set of commomnly shared beliefs regarding god. : For example, there is a god vs there is no god. Both religions. I see morality as a set of beliefs as to what is "right" and "wrong." So people of different faiths or no faith at all may share a lot of the same "morality," or they may not.

A particular religion tells their believers what their god says is right and wrong, so morality is determined by the religion. Those who don't believe in god, can determine their own right and wrong. So this morality varies from person to person and perhaps depending on the circumstance. It may be determined by the time they live in and the society or the country they live in. THe difference I think is a sense of guilt - doing something wrong that bothers one's conscience. Religion may impose this guilt or others want to live guilt free and don't subscribe to any religious morality Still others may not have religion but guilt comes when they violate their own sense of right and wrong, and worse yet, others may have religion but doing wrong [ by their religious standard ] does not bring guilt.

In Stalin's USSR, he wanted to eliminate religion. It was his will that determined what is right and wrong, and perhaps power was his "right" and anything that threatened it was "wrong," thus millions were eliminated. Same thing in Mao's China. Were these countries under these despots civilized?




G&P

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Originally Posted by NeedKarma

If that were the case how do you explain people like myself and my children and my parents etc who have no bible, no church attendance and still exibit the same "foundation to be good, to do good, and to be moral"? I strongly believe that parenting has a lot to do with it. Those who have lost their way may need a guide in religion I can concede that, but it's not a requirement for all.

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You make a good point, NK.

But let me ask this:

If your family had lived in the Nordic countries during the 1st and 2nd Centuries, when everyone around believed in the Nordic gods, do you think that your family would have the same moral standards that they have living in Canada in the 21st Century?

I am not saying that people who are not religious are immoral people. That is NOT my argument. I do not believe that to be true. Some of the most moral people I know are not religiously affiliated in any way. And Bernie Madoff, one of the most IMMORAL people of the modern age, is a Jew and went to Synagogue on Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur.

My argument is that the morality that we believe in today was created by (or at least highly influenced by) the Judeo-Christian religions. And if the Judeo-Christian religions had not existed... if for some reason the worship of Odin and his sons had become the dominant religion of our society... our moral values would be very different ones from the ones that we have today.

If that statement is true (and I have no way of proving it, so this is all supposition), then it can be argued that morality, as defined today, could ONLY have existed due to the judeo-christian religions. Because if ANOTHER religion had been in its place or if there had been no religion at all, the result would have been a different set of morals.

Which means that religion is the basis of morality.

That does NOT mean that irreligious people can't be moral people. I would never make that argument, because I do not believe it to be true.

Elliot

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Originally Posted by inthebox

In Stalin's USSR, he wanted to eliminate religion. It was his will that determined what is right and wrong, and perhaps power was his "right" and anything that threatened it was "wrong," thus millions were eliminated. Same thing in Mao's China. Were these countries under these despots civilized?




G&P

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Moreover, were they MORAL?

Great points, ITB.

Elliot

http://health.howstuffworks.com/mora....htm/printable

http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2009...er-of-harvard/

Was reading these links, thought it would be interesting read for this thread.

Interesting Firm:

Neural foundations to moral reasoning and antisocial behavior


There is a section in which they hypothesize that psychopathy / sociopathy has positive and negative evolutionary implications.



If "moralty" is primarily a function or lack of function of certain parts of the brain, can they be held to the same moral standards as the rest of society?




G&P

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Originally Posted by inthebox

Interesting Firm:

Neural foundations to moral reasoning and antisocial behavior


There is a section in which they hypothesize that psychopathy / sociopathy has positive and negative evolutionary implications.



If "moralty" is primarily a function or lack of function of certain parts of the brain, can they be held to the same moral standards as the rest of society?




G&P

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Good question.

Is a sociopath responsible for his immorality? He is mentally incapable of making the same moral judgements that you and I make, because he has no moral compass and no emotional connection to the world around him.

Elliot

Ahh, now we are starting to enter the murky realm of "relativism". The term relativism, as it applies to morality, is quite broad. It should, in my opinion, really be viewed as an exposition of what morality actually is, rather than a "system" that prescribes what one "ought" to do. Elliot has already hinted at relativism when he wrote about the difference in cultures, location, time frame etc.

It might perhaps be wise at this stage to distinguish between the two fundamental ethical disciplines, "Formative" or "Meta" ethics, and "Applied"or "Normative" ethics. Formative/Meta ethics deals with how we distinguish between what is "good" and "bad", and applied/normative ethics deals with the best way of "applying" those conceptions, that is to say, doing good things whilst avoiding the bad.

I personally subscirbe to a form of relativism called "subjective emotivism". I hold that all ethical/moral propositions are essentially emotive statements. The proposition "murder is wrong" is in essence the same as saying "boo to murder!!". Likewise, the proposition "charity is good" is in essence the same as saying "hooray for charity!!". This of course is a "Meta-ethical" theory, and it is I feel the most useful meta-ethical theory there is, in that it answers many questions that other theories cannot.

As for a system of "applied" ethics, I follow no such system at all. Morality is for me extremely personal, and entirely subjective. I operate completely in my own self interest, however my "self-interest" extends well beyond my "self". I am, like Nietzsche, an "immoralist". I do not believe in "our" morality, I believe in "my" morality.

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Have you not heard of that madman who lit a lantern in the bright morning hours, ran to the market-place, and cried incessantly: "I am looking for God! I am looking for God!"
As many of those who did not believe in God were standing together there, he excited considerable laughter. Have you lost him, then? Said one. Did he lose his way like a child? Said another. Or is he hiding? Is he afraid of us? Has he gone on a voyage? Or emigrated? Thus they shouted and laughed. The madman sprang into their midst and pierced them with his glances.

"Where has God gone?" he cried. "I shall tell you. We have killed him - you and I. We are his murderers. But how have we done this? How were we able to drink up the sea? Who gave us the sponge to wipe away the entire horizon? What did we do when we unchained the earth from its sun? Whither is it moving now? Whither are we moving now? Away from all suns? Are we not perpetually falling? Backward, sideward, forward, in all directions? Is there any up or down left? Are we not straying as through an infinite nothing? Do we not feel the breath of empty space? Has it not become colder? Is it not more and more night coming on all the time? Must not lanterns be lit in the morning? Do we not hear anything yet of the noise of the gravediggers who are burying God? Do we not smell anything yet of God's decomposition? Gods too decompose. God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him. How shall we, murderers of all murderers, console ourselves? That which was the holiest and mightiest of all that the world has yet possessed has bled to death under our knives. Who will wipe this blood off us? With what water could we purify ourselves? What festivals of atonement, what sacred games shall we need to invent? Is not the greatness of this deed too great for us? Must we not ourselves become gods simply to be worthy of it? There has never been a greater deed; and whosoever shall be born after us - for the sake of this deed he shall be part of a higher history than all history hitherto."

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Mankind is growing up. As the 20th century has shown, growing up isn't easy.

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Originally Posted by NeedKarma

If that were the case how do you explain people like myself and my children and my parents etc who have no bible, no church attendance and still exibit the same "foundation to be good, to do good, and to be moral"?

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Discipline taught by the experiences that the individual's instinctive nature, distinguished to the conscience mind in what was right or wrong.

Religion and moral law are both geared in setting rule of discipline. However we can learn instinctively by our fears what appears good and what appears bad to us.

The history of experiences that your parents and their parents have lived can effect generation after generation by the instinctive fears past down over the years. (Edit: YES by word of mouth, and what might be shown visually)

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The history of experiences that your parents and their parents have lived can effect generation after generation by the instinctive fears past down over the years.

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What possible grounds can you have for making such a claim? Unless you are suggesting that "fears past down over the years" are propagated through word of mouth, I would say that you are talking cr@p.

Edit: After reviewing your post, I now realise that you must be referring to "word of mouth", I offer sincere apology.

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Originally Posted by Tokugawa

Ahh, now we are starting to enter the murky realm of "relativism". The term relativism, as it applies to morality, is quite broad. It should, in my opinion, really be viewed as an exposition of what morality actually is, rather than a "system" that prescribes what one "ought" to do. Elliot has already hinted at relativism when he wrote about the difference in cultures, location, time frame etc.

It might perhaps be wise at this stage to distinguish between the two fundamental ethical disciplines, "Formative" or "Meta" ethics, and "Applied"or "Normative" ethics. Formative/Meta ethics deals with how we distinguish between what is "good" and "bad", and applied/normative ethics deals with the best way of "applying" those conceptions, that is to say, doing good things whilst avoiding the bad.

I personally subscirbe to a form of relativism called "subjective emotivism". I hold that all ethical/moral propositions are essentially emotive statements. The proposition "murder is wrong" is in essence the same as saying "boo to murder!!". Likewise, the proposition "charity is good" is in essence the same as saying "hooray for charity!!". This of course is a "Meta-ethical" theory, and it is I feel the most useful meta-ethical theory there is, in that it answers many questions that other theories cannot.

As for a system of "applied" ethics, I follow no such system at all. Morality is for me extremely personal, and entirely subjective. I operate completely in my own self interest, however my "self-interest" extends well beyond my "self". I am, like Nietzsche, an "immoralist". I do not believe in "our" morality, I believe in "my" morality.

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Where does this morality come from? How does each of us have it? Or lack it, for lack of or dysfunction in part of the brain. Is a personal morality , this relativity or subjectivity really just a nice term for selfishness or narcissisism? If so, then Nietzsche's nihilism is justified.






G&P

Religion and morality have nothing to do with one another. Some of the most amoral people are/have been highly religious and the most moral atheists.

I like what Bertand Russell said about morality being the result of conflicts of desire: "A man wishes to drink but also be fit for work the next day." It's always two competing impulses that governs our behavior. And morality evolves.

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Originally Posted by Tokugawa

Elliot has already hinted at relativism when he wrote about the difference in cultures, location, time frame etc.

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I'm not "hinting" at it at all. I'm saying it straight out... morality is relative to circumstance.

What is moral in peacetime is not necessarily moral in wartime.

What is moral to one culture is not necessarily moral to another.

At the same time, I think it is also fair to say that "our morality" is superior to that of the Huns and the Mongols. There is nothing wrong, in my opinion, with making a value judgement BASED ON OUR MORALS.

My only point is that, if Christianity and Judaism had never existed, MORALITY would look very different from the standards we hold dear today... and that based on that fact, morality IS based on religion. I am not JUDGING that fact either for good or for bad. I am merely stating it to be true, in my opinion.

Elliot

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Originally Posted by ETWolverine

I'm not "hinting" at it at all. I'm saying it straight out... morality is relative to circumstance.

What is moral in peacetime is not necesarily moral in wartime.

What is moral to one culture is not necessarily moral to another.

At the same time, I think it is also fair to say that "our morality" is superior to that of the Huns and the Mongols. There is nothing wrong, in my opinion, with making a value judgement BASED ON OUR MORALS.

My only point is that, if Christianity and Judaism had never existed, MORALITY would look very different from the standards we hold dear today... and that based on that fact, morality IS based on religion. I am not JUDGING that fact either for good or for bad. I am merely stating it to be true, in my opinion.

Elliot

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Gosh, I couldn't disagree more. I think our morality evolved in spite of Christianity and Judaism, not because of it.

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Originally Posted by cadillac59

Gosh, I couldn't disagree more. I think our morality evolved in spite of Christianity and Judaism, not because of it.

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How so?

Inthebox made very pertinent observations about Stalin's Russia and Communit China.

Both were laboratories where the absence of religion BECAME the religion, and we know what horrors that created.

Religion can be and has been anything. Bothe Sacred and Secular history shows many cultures where religion embodied human sacrifice and sexual orgies.

The term god, without any qualifiers can mean anything. I am told India has a million of them.

What we are seeing in these posts is an exhibition of a committee attempting to determine which direction is North. On a very cloudy night and without a compass.

Now you have a choice. Do you arbitrarily point and say "North", or do you look to some book to use as a compass?

But which book? Which has credibility?

That is your homework assignment for this month. (Smiley here)

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Originally Posted by galveston

Inthebox made very pertinent observations about Stalin's Russia and Communit China.

Both were laboratories where the absence of religion BECAME the religion, and we know what horrors that created.

Religion can be and has been anything. Bothe Sacred and Secular history shows many cultures where religion embodied human sacrifice and sexual orgies.

The term god, without any qualifiers can mean anything. I am told India has a million of them.

What we are seeing in these posts is an exhibition of a committee attempting to determine which direction is North. On a very cloudy night and without a compass.

Now you have a choice. Do you arbitrarily point and say "North", or do you look to some book to use as a compass?

But which book? Which has credibility?

That is your homework assignment for this month. (Smiley here)

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Here's the problem, Gal.

Which book you use will be determined by which book you have used in the past.

It would make no sense to use the Asatru version of morality, because it has no place the modern world. People today do not live for battle (unless they happen to be Klingon). Even soldiers spend most of their time trying to AVOID battle, not find it. So the "morality" of honorable death in battle has no place in the modern world.

It would make no sense to follow the Mongol morality of conquest for peace. Even aggressive nations like Iran and Iraq, who have long histories of trying to conquer each other, don't generally invade each other very often, and even when they do, the do not do so to bring peace and justice. The morality of conquest for peace and justice has no place in the modern world.

The only logical place to look... the only "choice"... is the modern version of morality that we enjoy today. And that morality has its genesis in Judeo-Christian values.

BUT...

As I have said before, if Judeo-Christian values had NOT become the norm, we MIGHT instead see "death in battle" as the morality of the day. And in that case, THAT would be the choice we would be making. That morality, which seems so alien to us, would be the morality that we would be choosing.

It is only because the Bible has become our standard for Morality that we look to it as our standard of morality. In another time and another place, we might be looking at Eddas and the Heimskringla as our standards of morality.

So... which compass we use is determined by which one "everyone else" uses, and by which one we have used in the past. In that sense, the choice has already been made for us.

Elliot

I agree with you Elliot.

I am comfortable saying that the Bible, from which springs Judaism, Christianity, and even Islam, has proven reliable over tha millennia, and that is why it is the most widely used "compass" for morality,

Additionally, the teachings of Jesus are far superior to anything else we know.

Then I must be a good christian without ever knowing it!

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Originally Posted by ETWolverine

How so?

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The bible does not teach morality, it teaches and embraces the worst immorality. It's no moral compass for anything.

Good people will do good things and bad people will do bad things but if you want good people to do bad things you need religion.

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Originally Posted by cadillac59

The bible does not teach morality, it teaches and embraces the worst immorality. It's no moral compass for anything.

Good people will do good things and bad people will do bad things but if you want good people to do bad things you need religion.

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Cadillac - you are real bold in making such statements but you provide little reason or justification for your position... bold assertions with pithy comments like these give no insight into how or why you arrived at such a position. Why don't you take a few moments of your time to give reason and substance to it.

I'd personally like to hear what you've got to say but it's boring reading posts like this or the one you left earlier. And it makes you sound like a fool; but I have confidence that you are not.

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Originally Posted by cadillac59

The bible does not teach morality, it teaches and embraces the worst immorality. It's no moral compass for anything.

Good people will do good things and bad people will do bad things but if you want good people to do bad things you need religion.

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"Religion is an insult to human dignity. With or without it, you'd have good people doing good things and evil people doing bad things, but for good people to do bad things, it takes religion." - Steven Weinberg, Nobel Laureate in physics

If you're going to quote someone, please reference properly, thanks. I think I agree with the point he tried to make when saying that, though.

However it's important to note that religion can also make bad people do good things, if only through the fear of god.

(Not that I really subscribe to the view of identifying 'good' or 'bad' people)