Here's the situation:

Let's say I may be hypothetically blacklisted at a company in which I worked as a contractor. If I were hired by a consulting firm and said company was the client, could I possibly have my offer from the consulting firm rescinded?

Yes of course, or merely fired.

Or worst, the company that hires you could lose their contract with that company, and they sue you for loss of profit for not notify them ahead of time

Hmm... Not likely sued and I doubt the consulting firm would lose business from the client. What makes you so certain that I would have my offer rescinded? Just curious.