I covered a block wall with a thin layer of mortar. The primer and paint I want to use say to wait 30 days for the concrete to cure before painting. My question is, Can I accelerate the cure time by wetting the wall each day?

You don't want to rush it... doing so would result in a much weaker material.

You wet it to slow down the cure but to make it stronger. If it dries(actually "sets") too fast, it will powder and crumble.