While I was having sex my partner went deeper and I had sharp pain and I felt like I had to throw up what does that mean

Perhaps you have the flu ?
Perhaps partner was being too rough ( unless you like it rough of course)

There's nothing too deep, really, (unless he was using some object), so he probably hit a nerve, of which there are countless, and with your intestines all around your uterus and vagina, it's not surprising that an irritated nerve might make you want to vomit. But you should have an ultrasound in case something is out of place or something is in the way, like a cyst or fibroids. Ask him for gentle sex while you wait for an appointment. Maybe he can press all around the sides of your vagina with his fingers to see if any of that hurts. But you could also have something like a femoral hernia (these are all just guesses) which is when a pouch of intestine goes down the leg, and having his body pressed against your inner thighs could make that hurt. There's too many possibilities, so be prepared for some doctors who brush you off.