Is their as certain distance the back of an electrical outlet needs to be from the outside wall and if there is and I don't meet the requirements can I install a nail plate behind it.

Can I drill a hole for routing of a 12/2 wire in to an outlet box 2" above the box

2" is a little close to bend the wire down, particularly AWG 12. Can you go higher up? If not, put a nice loop in the wire before going into the box.