What is a pass through electrical box? Does it have a different name for it?

Connection box or junction box. These are commonly used to conect two or more wires and to enclose the connection for safety and code. There is no switch or receptacle, only a connection point for wires

Where did you hear of or find that term?

We're trying to run electricity from the meter loop at the pole into our property (200 amp). We were told to get a electrical box that will be placed on a 6x6 post and from there we'll run a short line to our cabin. He called it a pass through box. I thought he said you could shut power off at that box, and also have a shut off at the cabin too.

OK now this sounds more like a descriptive term likely made up by your eletrical friend. From what I have heard so far you may be better off to hire a liensed electrician to do this work. I had such a "box" replaced at the top of the hill at my cabin, it is a main disconnect and not a DIY project for most folks. General Electric U065P Switch AC Disconnect nonfusible 240V 60A

You are allowed a maximum 360 degrees of bends in the conduit(4 90's), if you need more bends between runs, you will need a box or LB. Wires can be looped with no break in the wire, I see you were talking about a Disconnect.