What's the difference between a convicted felon and a felon?

Not sure about the distinction between the two, but a felon is someone who has committed a felony (A serious crime such as aggravated assault and or battery, arson, burglary, illegal drug use/sales, grand theft, robbery, murder, rape and so on)

I would assume a convicted felon is someone who is convicted in a court of law and sentenced to prison for said crimes.

Or maybe a convicted felon is someone who is currently serving time in prison for committing a felony, and a felon is someone who has in the past, served time for committing a felony.

Not sure though, maybe someone else can confirm or fix my answer if its wrong :)

A felon is someone who has committed a crime, the penalty for which crime (as specified in statute) can be a year or more in prison. Such a crime is called a "felony".

A convicted felon is a felon who has been caught,and found guilty in a court of law.

Note that conviction for a felony results in loss of a felon's "civil rights", including the right to vote and to possess a firearm.