As different from I'm going home in the near future

It depends on the context. Generally it would not be used that way, because 'go' here doesn't clarify the timing very well. It's often only used as an imperative: (You) Go home. I'm going home would be very soon unless stated otherwise, I wiil go home would have connotations of later, I went home of course is the past.

But some people in casual conversation use a simple present tense for everything, even though it's the past: 'So I tell her I don't like it and I go home, where I let out the dog and bake a cake.'

When my friend goes home, he is welcomed by everyone, But when "I go home" I'm treated like an alien.
I think the above is correct grammar in an isoalted situation.
A completed sentence "I go home." would be acceptable in response to a question like--Where do you normally go during the holidays?
But except for some very specific scenarios, "I go home" has very limited correct usage possibilities.