I have an underground (10-2) wire and was wondering if it is acceptable to run that to a sub-panel (in a shed) supplied by a 30amp 2-pole braker with the black and white hot and the ground as neutral, then drive a grounding rod at the sub-panel for ground/neutral bonding

No!

A sub-panel requires a four wire feeder, per NEC.

You will also have to keep ground and neutral isolated from each other. The bonding jumper cannot be installed in the sub-panel.

Also, since the building is a separate structure, you must set at least on ground rod and connect the sub-panel to this rod via a grounding electrode conductor.