If your being ask to create a 10 column accountant worksheet, does it have to consist of unadjusted t/b, followed by the adjustments, then postings to the adjusted t/b then an income statement and balance sheet?

The first 2 columns will be the unadjusted trial balance, then the adjustments, then the adjusted trial balance, the Income Statement, and finally the Balance Sheet.

If to say, office supplies were used up in the year, how is this recorded when adjusting your entries in the worksheet?

Dr Office Supplies Expense

Cr - you'll have an account in assets where the amount is currently, perhaps Supplies. Another possibility is a prepaid of some sort. If you read through the accounts available, you will find one. Different companies use different titles, so look through the possibilities.