If you have bench warrants for traffic violation due to not attending court, is it possible to
Receive an united states passport to travel to the Philippines?

Doubtful, they will look for things like that as its common for people that try to skip out after being a no-show in court.

In fact, you could possibly be taken into custody over it. Depending on where you live and where the bench warrant was issued.

You can of course get a passport, it is just a method of ID.

It is the visa to enter the nation that may be an issue.

Following that, depending on the airport, but if it is a local airport, they may just get you there.