If you are prescribed four 10mg Hydrocondones a day, can a urine sample tell if you are taking more than prescribed?

Depends on the test. The type administered on site (office, etc) usually returns only a positive or negative result. The more sophisticated lab tests such as GC/MS can easily quantify. The usual process is if the initial screening is as expected then no follow-up (lab) is ordered. All of that depends on who is doing the testing and for what purpose.