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for the first one i got a) 226,000
Correct.
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2) i do not know how to determine the required dividend on preferred stock. I do remember that preferred stock receives the dividend before common stock
It's the 8% that tells you how much they pay in dividends. It's 8% of the par value, per share. So you figure that first and then figure what that would be for the total number of shares they have.
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3) i guess i will just have to guess. I looked in a couple accounting textbooks and the web and didn't find anything on that.
I'm not surprised you didn't find it in an accounting text - I wouldn't consider it an accounting topic and don't recall seeing it in an accounting text. (Maybe "finance accounting" which is an ambiguous cross between accounting, management and finance.) But not to find it on the web? Really? Did you try all four names? That's a little sad when they're asking you something you can't even find on the huge internet, huh?
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4) i am going to say aggressive since the cars are brand new and only have a short useful life and the depreciation will be a ton each year.
The concepts of aggressive versus non-aggressive in accounting don't mean how quickly you do something. This is tough to answer without just answering cause it means defining the answer. (I'll tell you, but let's give you one more shot.) What they're getting at is how much depreciation expense they have. If you had the choice to depreciate something over two or three years, and you chose to do it over two years, what would this do to the depreciation expense over each of those two years compared to doing it over three? And what would that do to the net book value of the asset itself? And more importantly, what do expenses do to net income? So by depreciating over 2 years instead of 3, are they really being "aggressive" with their books?