I am 21 years old and I work(ed) full time at an assembly plant.
Early this week I became ill, notified my employer, visited doctor, who in turn told me to stay home for 3-5 days before returning to work. Dr filled out a note for my employer.
My employer called me at home 2 days ago, and informed me over the phone that I was fired over the fact that I did not call my work every day to report sick.
Is there anything I can do to get my job back?

Was a daily call a requirement spelled out to you in an employee handbook or other document? Don't know where you are located but check the yellow pages for an EEOC office. US EEOC Home Page

You can appeal this to and though the HR department, Is there a workers manual or rule book, that states this

Is there another reason they may want to fire you, using this as an excuse