My husband cannot get a federal refund because of a outstanding federal loan. Does that mean he cannot receive disability checks from the government?

Does he have an attorney handling his disability claim or is he handling this himself. Your husband needs to inform the attorney of the unpaid taxes he does owe. Depending on the lump sum he might receive for his back benefits, he could use some or all of the money to pay towards his back taxes. He needs to discuss this with his attorney to know his rights in this matter.

He can file and be qualified for disability, but they will have their hand out for payment