Can a garnishment or debt from a credit card company take my federal tax return?

No only if you owe the government like past child support or student loans. Only the IRS can garnish your taxes nobody else.

No, that is NOT quite true.

The credit card company CAN get to your federal income tax refund by first getting a court decision, then have that decision validated in federal court, then submitting a garnishment order to the IRS.

It takes a LONG time, and once the taxpayer recognizes what is happening, they adjust their withholding to PAY taxes when they file instead of getting a refund, so most creditors do not bother.

But if they go through the motions, they CAN get your federal tax refund.