I will be moving back home to Austria in a few weeks and was wondering what the procedure is for me to file taxes next year (I was working until May 06). Can I do this from Europe?
Is there any paperwork I need to fill out before I leave the country?

You CAN do this from Europe. You can download all the forms you need from www.irs.gov.

You will need to file a dual-status tax return. Download IRS Pub 519 from www.irs.gov to see the process. It is RATHER complicated, and you may need help. If you think you may need help, contact me by private message.