What does the solar cell use from the sun to produce energy? (what kind of ray?)

Please also (what quantity of this ray used to generate electricity from the solar cell?)

This should explain a lot:

Spectral Curves

Each material (Silicon, Copper Indium Diselinide, Galium Arsenide) has it's own characteristic spectral response.

The solar spectrum that is used to measure solar cells is AM 1.5 global at 25 deg C.
AM = Air Mass; AM 0 is with no atmosphere.

You can actually calculate the short circuit current of a solar cell by knowing the am 1.5 spectra and the spectral response of the solar cell by numerical integration.