78. Absolutism meant a ruler shared power with a legislative assembly.

79. The European monarch whose life was changed after first reading Voltaire's works in 1746 was Maria Theresa of Austria.

80. Most philosophes believed that absolute rulers rather than the majority of the population were the best hope of reforming eighteenth century society.

81. Louis XIV, who died in 1715, left France with larger territories than when he ascended the throne, but also with an enormous national debt, an unhappy populace, and his five-year-old great-grandson as his successor.

82. In the eighteenth century, the British Parliament was dominated by the urban middle classes, particularly merchants and industrialists.

83. The country that was dismembered during the eighteenth century by Austria, Prussia, and Russia was Poland.

84. Eighteenth century enlightened rulers were not always “enlightened,” but they were also hindered in instituting necessary reforms because of the power still held by the hereditary aristocracy.

85. As a result of the Seven Years' War, Maria Theresa and Austria were successful in regaining the Austrian province of Silesia from Prussia.

86. Of the great powers, only Great Britain had no regular standing army, often relying upon German mercenaries to fight their battles.

87. One of the major reasons that the population of Europe declined in the eighteenth century was because of frequent outbreaks of the bubonic plague.

88. The social order of Europe based upon the medieval practice of traditional “estates” or “orders” began to disappear as a result of wide-spread destruction engendered by the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War.

89. English colonialism focused on obtaining mineral wealth, French colonialism focused on creating agricultural settlements, and Spanish colonialism focused on the fur trade.

90. The French had colonies in the West Indies that focused on the sugar trade, while the Dutch controlled the spice trade coming out of China and India.

91. The Dutch colonists were not the most prosperous, but were financiers who used the joint-stock company for exploration and trade.

92. The French & Indian War resulted in the French gaining Canada from the British.

93. The Starry Messenger was put on the Index of Forbidden Books after Galileo was found guilty by the Inquisition.

94. Voltaire attacked the French government and the Catholic Church.

95. The American Revolution was influenced by the Enlightenment.

96. The American Revolution was greatly admired by most Europeans in the 1770s and 1780s because it established a republican form of government rather than a monarchy

97. The increase in taxes in the American Colonies was due to the Franco-British War.

98. The 13 Colonies had totally renounced their British heritage even before their revolution

99. The majority of the American colonists opposed the revolution.

100. The Constitution stressed the ideas of a federal government based on popular sovereignty.

101. The French Revolution was more radical than the American Revolution because the French wanted to completely overthrow their social order.

102. On the eve of the French Revolution, the middle classes or bourgeoisie constituted 48 percent of the population of France.

103. The ideas of the philosophes played little if any role as a cause of the French Revolution.

104. Because of France became “a nation in arms,” the French revolutionary armies were significant in the development of modern nationalism.

105. King Louis XVI called the Estates General to try and fix the economic problems.

106. The First Estate declared itself the National Assembly.

107. The Tennis Court Oath was taken by members of the Third Estate and in it they swore to not disband until they had written a constitution.


108. Because of the dedicated activities of such women as Olympe de Gouges, in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, women received the same rights as men.

109. The levee en masse is a mass levy of men, but not supplies.

110. The Committee of Public Safety's campaign of Terror was directed almost exclusively against the Catholic clergy and members of the aristocracy and wealthy bourgeoisie.

111. The Directory was a group of conservative men whose middle of the road policies pleased no one.

112. During the era of the Directory, the economic regulations and controls adopted by the Committee of Public Safety were dropped in favor of more laissez-faire policies.

113. The late eighteenth century was an era of widespread “democratic revolutions.”

114. As First Consul and as Emperor, Napoleon both destroyed and preserved aspects of the revolution.

115. Napoleon's greatest victory was over the Russians and the Austrians in 1805 at the Battle of Trafalgar.

116. Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign was a military failure for France.

117. Napoleon's Civil Code established a merit based society, but refused to restore patriarchal authority.

118. After the French Revolution, the French colony of Haiti revolted and became the independent country of Saint Domingue.

119. Greece gained her independence from the Ottoman Empire.

120. The conservative movement that followed the defeat of Napoleon succeeded in the short term, but
Failed in the long term.

121. An agricultural revolution is not necessary for an industrial revolution.

122. The eighteenth century agricultural revolution in Britain reduced the cost of food, thus giving the British extra income to purchase items produced by the Industrial Revolution.

123. The British government played a significant role in Britain's industrialization by providing subsidies for most industries and funding a transportation network of canals and railroads.

124. The world's first industrial fair was held in Paris in 1851, commemorating the rebuilding the city under the leadership of Emperor Napoleon III.

125. Many of the exhibits shown in the Great Exhibition of 1851 were housed in the Crystal Palace, a giant building constructed of glass and iron.

126. In Britain, the Industrial Revolution was built upon the coal and iron of heavy industry, while industrialization on the Continent was led by the cotton industry.

127. The newly industrialized European nations actively encouraged industrialization in their colonies, such as the British did in India, believing that more production would reduce the cost of goods thus satisfying domestic consumers.

128. Friedrich List, in his National System of Political Economy, advocated a complete laissez-faire policy as the best path to industrialization.

129. One of the handicaps in dealing with urban slums, with their poverty and diseases, was that, because of a belief in laissez-faire, there were no government commissions that explored the problems during the entire nineteenth century.

130. Many of Britain's industrial entrepreneurs were Quakers and other religious minorities, in part because they were excluded from many public positions and lacked opportunities other than in the new industrial capitalism.

131. In spite of increased industrial production and the resultant reduction in the cost of goods, the new industrial or factory workers did not benefit greatly from industrialization in the early nineteenth century.

132. Evolutionary socialists believed change needed to happen with a working class revolution.

133. Trade Unions used strikes to bring about reform.

134. The Grimm brothers collected stories about the German Volk (the people) to try and show the Volksgeist, the spirit of the people.

135. The father of Zionism was Alfred Dreyfus who was motivated after the French Jewish army officer, Theodor Herzl, was put on trial for treason and intense anti-Semitism was shown.

136. Although his domestic accomplishments were significant, Napoleon III's foreign policy was much less successful, as exemplified in his failed attempt to install Archduke Maximilian of Austria as emperor of Mexico.

137. The Crimean War was caused primarily by the Ottoman Empire's attempt to destroy the Christian holy places in Jerusalem and Palestine.

138. The unification of Italy was successfully accomplished mainly through the efforts of Giuseppe Mazzini and the Piedmont king, Charles Albert.

139. After the Austro-Prussian War, Otto von Bismarck successfully included Austria in the future affairs of Germany.

140. The Ausgleich of 1867, gave the all the various nationalities making up the Austrian Empire equal rights and status with the German-speaking Austrians.

141. In spite of Alexander II's emancipation edict of 1861, the result was not a free, landowning class, but an unhappy and land-starved peasantry, tied to the mir, or village community.

142. Like most of the other nations of Europe, Britain experienced a violent revolution in 1848, a revolution that resulted in the urban working classes taking control of Parliament in the elections of 1849.

143. Karl Marx predicted that ultimately the proletariat would become the dominant class of society, and would thus own all of society's property.

144. Charles Darwin was influenced by Thomas Malthus' theory of population that claimed that more individuals are born than can possibly survive and that thus there must be struggle for existence.

145. Charles ****ens, whose novels focused upon the English lower and middle classes, was the greatest of the Victorian novelists in realistically portraying urban industrial society, as in The Old Curiosity Shop.

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