Very good questions and topic.
Just to be sure we are on the same page, a "plenum" is a space "that acts as part of the air distribution system", as defined by the NEC.
My answers are in bold:
1. Are these bushings all rated for plenum? How to tell? Where to get?
The website you provided is a reseller, not a manufacturer. If made by Arlington Industries, whcih is most likely, then it is rated for plenum space.
See their product information as being compliant with NEC 300.22: B_1
2. Are the threaded ones only for rigid conduit?
No, they can be used on any raceway fitting that is threaded, such as an EMT connector.
3. Is there a better gizmo for protecting the cable?
Not that I am aware of.
4. Does the data jack in the box need to be plenum rated?
Yes, any non-metallic components in an environmental space needs to be be rated for this location. This listing will be found in the manufacturers documentation for their product.
5. Do I need to stuff some mineral wool (right stuff?) into the end of the EMT?
Never use mineral wool. Only use a product that is listed for the purpose, such as Duct-Seal, if necessary. Whether you need to plug yours or not will depend on the AHJ (local inspector) . He may consider how many conduits and their sizes that pass from the plenum to occupied space, and not so much concerned by the affect on the air system but the spread of fire thru these conduits/sleeves