Go to the search engine www.google.com enter each one of those words and you should get a nice response.
Google is a good site for general and tech searches.
Juan, try www.howstuffworks.com and then type in "microprocessor" in the search area. Then scroll down to the middle where it says "How microprocessor works" It will give you a lot more than we have room to explain here. Excellent. I highly recommend it . And yes, it has diagrams ;)