For messing up at work, about a year ago.

I doubt it. It depends on when they do inventory. That depends on their fiscal year.

I would like to suggest that you drop the word 'accidentally' from your description. A pencil is an accident. $500 worth of clothing doesn't fall into your bag. No wonder your guilt is so deep. You are lying to yourself!
After you tell yourself the truth with no excuses, save $250 cash and go back and find the store manager, and hand it to her or him with a one line explanation, and walk out.

I don't buy the "accidentally" part... neither will anyone else. I've worked in retail before and the employees personal property is never mingled with merchandise for sale. But with that said. It is possible they could, and they would be well within any statute of limitations. All they would need is evidence of the act and the willingness to do what it takes to prosecute.

So in short, Yes they can, but it becomes less and less likely they will.

Sorry I do not believe the "accidental" part, but OK, It will depend on where you are at.
If this is in the US, and it appears to fall under a misdemeanor, it will depend on the actual charges, and the SOL, of the crime. Most will have a one year SOL, while a 3 year SOL could be possible.

But honestly, it would be rare, if they looked back and caught you after one year.

For messing up at work, about a year ago

You didn't get caught. This time.

You didn't "accidentally" steal anything. You did it on purpose, you know it, but you are making excuses for your bad behavior. Until you own up, and accept, what you did was wrong, the behavior will continue. Maybe not today or tomorrow, but the temptation will always be there.

What at bothers me is that you show no remorse for what you did. You don't feel bad for what you did, you are only concerned about being caught.

You appear to be an adult. You are responsible for your actions. There are consequences to everything you do. Accept that accordingly and live life without looking over your shoulder, or continue down the path of a common thief.

You didn't get caught this time, but next time you will.

For messing up at work, about a year ago

So you edited out most of your story, and now just say the same little sentence 3 times. We don't know who you are. Better to face the music here than in person. Mainly what you have to do is learn life's biggest lesson: we are responsible for our actions. In one of the responses you edited, you admitted that you were wrong for calling that much theft an accident. Keep working on that. You aren't the first or the last. Instead of wallowing in guilt, change your life.

Closed, OP appears not to want to know or talk about the issue