If your company payroll is out of Texas, but you work offshore in the Gulf... Can your wages be garnished?

Yes, your pay can be garnished.

Depends upon where a lawsuit against you is filed. It's my understanding that Texas courts cannot garnish wages. But if you are sued in another state, it's probable that your employer would have to honor a garnishment writ from the courts of that state

Texas law prohibits garnishing wages for consumer debt. So it would depend on what the debt is for. If you paychecks are issued from Texas, and if the debt is one that is allowable, then yes garnishment is possible.

One example of an entity that can garnish wages, even in TX: the IRS. They can even do it without first getting a judgment.

So, bottom line, if it is a Texas state court (or federal court with diversity jurisdiction; but since this is in "small claims", that's not likely) judgment for consumer debt , OP would be safe from wage garnishment. The fact that OP works offshore has absolutely nothing to do with the issue.