I moved into a place mid August and paid a pro-rated amount. A full months rent was to be due sept 1st, however the living circumstances were not acceptable, I felt uncomfortable there so I packed my stuff and got out today. The landlord is threatening to sue me now for septembers rent because I "didn't give 30 day notice" when there is nothing signed and I was never informed about this. However, I was NOT going to put myself in an uncomfortable living situation for an entire month longer. Does he have a right to my whole months worth of my money when I won't be/ can't live there anymore?

Yes, in verbal rental agreement you follow state law, without knowing exact locations, but in general most give either side the right to a 30 day notice, they can not evict you without notice except for non payment and a few other reasons. You did not attempt to get issues fixed,
So yes it is reasonsable to expect you to pay for the next month. Did you give a deposit ?

'Won't live there' is not a reason to not pay rent.
'Can't live there' might be, but being 'uncomfortable' is not a good enough reason. And a tenant is expected to notify the landlord to get whatever is wrong fixed first. It sounds like you would lose in court. You are free to take your chances that he won't file.

... I was NOT going to put myself in an uncomfortable living situation ...

If it goes to court, do not use "uncomfortable". It has come to signify the subjective attitude "I don't want to", instead of a more objective "performance of my side of the contract is impossible" for such-and-such reasons. As such, a judge would be inclined to rule against you should you continue to use that adjective.