I have a disability claim in, filed in 2011. Of course it was denied at first and we have appealed. Assuming I win latter this year, I will be paid back to when I filed. So this will be paid in 2012 ( assuming it gets heard in 2012) but will include money that was for months in 2011.

Will I have to go back and do an adjusted filing when they pay this, or does the entire amount become taxable in the year actual paid

The entire amount is taxable in the year it gets paid, be it 2012, 2013 or whenever.