I would like to install a new chandelier, and a dimmer switch to it, can I wire this from a wall outlet that has only one wire coming in, if so do I wire from the outlet to the chandlier then back to dimmer switch or wire from outlet to dimmer switch to the chandelier?

You can run wiring both ways you describe.
If you can go from receptacle to switch with 1 cable. Then another cable from new switch location to the chandolier.
Be sure you install a box securely to easily hold the Fixture.