Only in my bathroom does the filters plug up with white calcium or lime sludge. How do I fix this

If that's the only valve with a problem I'd shut the water off, open up the valve and remove the cartridge. I would the soak the cartridge and aerator in Lime-Away or CRL. I would then pour Lime-Away or CRL in the body of the valve and let it soak for a while. Wash the parts off in clean water and reassemble. Did that resolve your problem? Let me know, Tom

By filter do you mean aerator?