If a red wine is stored appropriately, how long generally can I store a red Cabernet? Wine factors into this equation?

You should store the bottle on it's side in a temp. controlled atmosphere. It's important that it is not exposed to sunlight or excessive heat. With proper care, it can last forever.

There are a vast number of variables as to the longevity of this wine, which you haven't included in your original post.

The producer and vintage are two major points to consider in offering advice.

Just to add to JJ's response and add that what ever location you chose should NOT fluctuate in temperature and be as vibration free as possible.
Optimum storage temp is 12 C.