After you pass your drivers test, your license is your permit with some stamp on it. How long after that will you be able to get your photo id

You have not provided enough information... like, for example, what state you're in. Every state does things differently.

Contact your local department or bureau of motor vehicles (DMV or BMV). Most BMV or DMV offices in most states have web sites. And on most of such web sites are all the rules and regulations you'll need to get your question answered. In states where that's not true, there is probably a toll-free number you can call to ask your questions. In states where that's not true either, you can most definitely walk into the BMV or DMV office nearest you and take a number and wait 'til it's called and then walk up to the window and ask your questions.