What is the historical development of mathematics?

I have a 600 page, double-wide book which covers no more than the history of the rational numbers (and mostly just counting numbers). (The Universal History of Numbers, Ifrah).

The history of mathematics is something you could easily devote a lifetime to studying; I'm not sure how you want that condensed into a forum reply. You can probably find books on the subject at your local public library (or if not, your local university library).