What are some examples of actions that are categorized or understandable under the self defense laws

Each state has their own self defense laws.

In general, if you can escape, you are to escape, in many states if you use force but could have run away, you may be charged.

In some states you are allowed to use that force equal to the force being used against you.

In very few states can you use deadly force in the protection of property, so your life will have to be in danger.

And remember self defence is a "defense at law" so it is used if you are charged with the crime of hurting the other person. Often you may be charged and will use that as a defense in court.