By mistake connected Central vac PVC pipes (none of the pipe's or connectors have PVC stamped on them) using ABS cement. The connections seem strong. Will it last?

Will the small vibrations that I suspect occur when the central vac is on, break the connections over time?

Is there a tape that I can apply easily over the joints to ensure they will not introduce air leaks? If so any siggestions on one to use. Or any other ideas on how to ensure it will not cause problems.

Although they are different materials, you shouldn't have an issue with a vacuum. If it was a pressure system, that's a different story. For possible future reference, all purpose glue works with all plastics.