I sent an email to my discrict manager letting her know that I will have to be out for a few days due to surgery. I also sent her the note from the doctors office. It did not disclose the extent of the surgery it just said surgery. That same day I get a call from HR asking why I am having the surgery and she wanted details. I informed her that I had to have the surgery and she wanted to know what kind of surgery? Did she violate my rights.

No your rights weren't violated. Your work record is private to those that need to handle it. HR most likely got involved to get time frames (to hire temps) and to see if it is a faulted incident. Some jobs have risks and you could be making a claim if it were for the right types of injury.