I am an undocumented resident of the US. Through California's new gay marriage, I have married my partner. He was here in the United States.

Could he sponsor me as a partner for us to move to Canada? Or would we need a Canadian marriage?

And would be the best pathway for us to get Canadian citizenship? We're both college sophomores...

Ok, you are an illegal immigrant in the US, so you are living in the US illegally?? So what county are you a citizen of, you will have to apply for their citizenship as a resident of that nation, since you do not have US citizenship.
Also are you moving to Canada?

Is he a Canadian?

Sorry.. not enough info here.

Ok,, you are an illegal immigrant in the US, so you are living in the US illegally ???? so what county are you a citizen of, you will have to apply for thier citizenship as a resident of that nation, since you do not have US citizenship.
Also are you moving to Canada ??
We want to move to canada. Yes. I am living in the us illegally.

He is not a canadian citizen

Your only choice is to find employment in Canada first, then you can obtain employment-based immigrant visa.

This link might be helpful...

Translated version of http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/index.asp (http://209.85.171.104/translate_c?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/index.asp&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dmigration%2Bto%2Bcanada%26hl%3Den%26s a%3DX)

If neither of you are citizens of Canada you can't get Canadian citizenship unless you get legal employment in Canada and the company sponsors you to become a Canadian permanent resident.

Once you're a permanent resident (the equivalent of having a green card) you can apply to be a citizen after a few years.

Look into the Manitoba or Ontario Provincial Nominee Programs. It is a way to become a Canadian resident and eventually a citizen ( in 3 yrs).