There are many municipalities that have income tax - the following web site claims there are 170 municipalities and at least 21 cities with populations over 100K that have an income tax. Besides NYC they are mostly in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Kentucky, plus Baltimore, Washington DC and a couple of cities in Missouri. Most tax non-resident workers on wages earned in the municipality at the same rates as residents.
See the following web site - it includes a report that will give you a feel for this, although it is a bit outdated (the report was written prior to NY abolishing the non-resident tax for NYC):
The Tax Foundation - City Income Taxes