| In a nut shell:
Nicolaus Copernicus - postulated a helio-centric model, but with circular orbits.
Johannes Kepler - figured out the orbits are eliptical, and derived equations that accurately predicted the positions of the planets (Kepler's laws)
Tycho Brahe - provided much of the detailed observational data that allowed Kepler to derive his laws, but Tycho himself never believed in the helio-centric model.
Galileo Galilei - observed the phases of Venus using the telescpoe, giving evidence that it orbits the sun.
Sir Isaac Newton - devised his theory of gravity, and derived equations that explained why Kepler's laws work.
Look these guys up on Wikipedia for more detail. |