Once you click on this link,
NFPA 70: National Electrical Code®
Click on Preview this document near the bottom of the page.
Next page click on I agree,
Next page click on Open NEC 2005.
This will give you complete access to the entire NEC 2005 code book. However, this is definitely not for the light hearted and can make you run screaming into the night. It takes several years of apprenticeship for electricians to learn their way around this book.
This book is not for the DIYer to try to understand, and there is no chart your seeking to learn the amps per wire, device, circuit breaker, as there are so many variables and situations.
Your right, this will be information overload.
Your best bet may be a Basic Wiring book.
Or ask some specific questions here to learn what you need, based on your specific situation.