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Lunar eclipses always occur during the full moon. The eclipse is actually the Earth's shadow crossing the moon, so the the moon WILL be in the opposite direction of the sun as seen from the planet's surface. Therefore, the moon will be full. We don't see an eclipse every month because the moon's orbital path usually leads north or south of the Earth's shadow at the full moon.
The first quarter occurs about three weeks after the full moon (one week after the new moon)