I am not understanding which items to put under credits and which goes under debits.
i.e. cash, accounts receivable, accts payable, rental revenue, supplies expense, etc.

I do not understand which items go under which statement. i.e. adjustments, income statement,etc.

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Assets and Expenses have a normal Debit Balance. Assets are on the Balance Sheet.
Expenses are on the Income Statement.

Liabilities, Owner's Equity, and revenues have a normal Credit balance. Liabilities and Owner's Equity are on the Balance Sheet. Revenues are on the Income Statement.

Adjusting entries are shown on a worksheet and jounalized in the General Journal. They do not appear on the Financial Statements because they are a transaction.

DEBITS = ALL ASSETS + ALL EXPENSES
CREDITS = ALL LIABILITIES + ALL INCOMES

FORMULA = A + E = L + I

Please remember this for ever.
You will never go wrong again.

Adjustments affect one Balance sheet account and one Income Statement account.

Example for Supplies used during the period.
Debit Supplies Expense - Income Statement Account
Credit Supplies - Balance Sheet Account